(Ôn thi ĐGNL, ĐGTD) Chuyên đề: Đảo ngữ (Inversion)

Công thức

Ví dụ

[Trạng từ (bán) phủ định] +

Trợ động từ + S + V

Một số trạng từ (bán) phủ định phổ biến: never, rarely, seldom, hardly, scarcely, little, nowhere, etc.

She little knew that her life was about to change.

= Little did she know that her life was about to change.

You can find this special dish nowhere else.

= Nowhere else can you find this special dish.

Công thức

Ví dụ

Only after + [N / V-ing / S + V]

+ Trợ động từ + S + V:

chỉ sau khi

The students found out the answers only after one hour.  

= Only after one hour did the students find out the answers.

Applicants can proceed to the interview only after passing the written test.

= Only after passing the written test can applicants proceed to the interview.

He felt relaxed only after he finished his project.

= Only after he finished his project did he feel relaxed.

Only by + N / V-ing + Trợ động từ + S + V: chỉ bằng cách ...

She manages her stress only by practicing yoga every morning.

= Only by practicing yoga every morning does she manage her stress.

Only if + S + V + Trợ động từ + S + V: chỉ nếu ...

You will pass the final exam only if you study hard.

= Only if you study hard will you pass the final exam.

Only when + S + V + Trợ động từ

+ S + V: chỉ khi

They started the outdoor speaking competition only when the rain stopped.

= Only when the rain stopped did they start the outdoor speaking competition.

Only with + N + Trợ động từ + S + V: chỉ với

We can only succeed with the full agreement of everyone.

= Only with the full agreement of everyone can we succeed.

Only once / Only later / Only in this way / Only then + Trợ động từ + S + V

She has traveled abroad only once.

= Only once has she traveled abroad.

He apologized for his mistake only then.

= Only then did he apologize for his mistake.

Công thức

Ví dụ

Not only + Trợ động từ + S + V + but S + also + V: không những ... mà còn…

He not only plays soccer well but also speaks English fluently.

= Not only does he play soccer well, but he also speaks English fluently.

Công thức

Ví dụ

No longer + Trợ động từ + S + V:

không còn nữa

She no longer lives in Hanoi.

= No longer does she live in Hanoi.

Not a / No + N + Trợ động từ + S + V

She didn’t say a word when she left.

= Not a word did she say when she left.

She shed no tears when they parted.

= No tears did she shed when they parted.

At no time / Never + Trợ động từ + S + V:

không bao giờ, chưa bao giờ

He didn't suspect that his friend was a spy at any time.

= At no time did he suspect that his friend was a spy.

She never thought she would win the first prize.

= Never did she think she would win the first prize.

On no account / condition +

 Trợ động từ + S + V:

Dù trong bất kỳ trường hợp nào cũng không …

You should on no account open this door while the machine is running.

= On no account should you open this door while the machine is running.

You should not sign a contract without reading the terms carefully on any condition.

= On no condition should you sign a contract without reading the terms carefully.

Under / In no circumstances +

Trợ động từ + S + V:

không được xảy ra dưới mọi trường hợp

You should under no circumstances open this door.

= Under no circumstances should you open this door.

By no means + Trợ động từ + S + V:

hoàn toàn không

It is by no means easy to design a good curriculum for grade 2 students.

= By no means is it easy to design a good curriculum for grade 2 students.

For no reason + Trợ động từ + S + V: không vì lý do gì

She left the meeting early for no reason.

= For no reason did she leave the meeting early.

In no way + Trợ động từ + S + V:

không đời nào

I in no way intended to hurt your feelings.

= In no way did I intend to hurt your feelings

Công thức

Ví dụ

Hardly / Scarcely / Barely + had + S + V₃ / V-ed + when + S + V₂ / V-ed

= No sooner + had + S + V₃ / V-ed + than + ....: Ngay khi / vừa mới … thì …

I had hardly arrived home when it started to rain.

= Hardly had I arrived home when it started to rain.

= No sooner had I arrived home than it started to rain.

Công thức

Ví dụ

Not until / Not till + Thời gian / Mệnh đề trạng ngữ thời gian + Trợ động từ + S + V:

cho đến khi

I didn't realize I had lost my keys until this morning.

= Not until this morning did I realize I had lost my keys.

I did not realize how tired I was until I finished the report.

= Not until I finished the report did I realize how tired I was.

Công thức

Ví dụ

S₁ + V (khẳng định) …, and so +

Trợ động từ (khẳng định) + S₂: cũng

She works overtime every day to meet the deadline, and so do her colleagues.

S₁ + V (phủ định) …, and neither / nor +

Trợ động từ (khẳng định) + S₂: cũng không

She doesn't agree with the new plan, and neither / nor do they.

Công thức

Ví dụ

So + adj + to be + S + that + mệnh đề

The test was so difficult that he couldn’t finish it.

= So difficult was the test that he couldn’t finish it.

So + adv + Trợ động từ + S + V + that + mệnh đề

The team played so well that they could easily win the championship.

=  So well did the team play that they could easily win the championship.

Such + to be + N + that + mệnh đề

(“such” means “so much / great”)

Her disappointment was such that she decided to give up.

= Such was her disappointment that she decided to give up.

It was such a difficult test that he couldn’t finish it.

= Such was the difficulty of the test that he couldn’t finish it.

Câu điều kiện

Công thức

Ví dụ

Loại I

Should + S + (not) + V,

S + will / can + V

If it rains, I will drive to work.

= Should it rain, I will drive to work.

Loại II

Were + S + (not) + to V, S + would / could + V

Were + S + (not) + adj / N, S + would / could + V

If he didn’t get up late, he could catch the last bus.

 = Were he not to get up late, he could catch the last bus.

If I were you, I would apply for that position

= Were I you,  I would apply for that position

Loại III

Had  + S + (not) + V₃ / V-ed,

S + would / could + have + V₃ / V-ed

If the bus hadn’t arrived late, I wouldn’t have been late for the meeting

= Had the bus not arrived late, I wouldn’t have been late for the meeting.

Công thức

Ví dụ

Trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn / phương hướng + V + S

Lưu ý: khi S là đại từ nhân xưng (I, you, we, …) thì không được đảo động từ lên trước chủ ngữ.

An old church stands on the top of the hill.

= On the top of the hill stands an old church.

The birds flew up into the sky.

= Up into the sky flew the birds.

She comes here. = Here she comes.