Động từ khuyết thiếu trong Tiếng Anh đầy đủ, chi tiết

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Bài viết Động từ khuyết thiếu gồm ngữ pháp Động từ khuyết thiếu chi tiết và bài tập Động từ khuyết thiếu có lời giải giúp học sinh nắm vững cách sử dụng Động từ khuyết thiếu trong tiếng Anh.

Động từ khuyết thiếu trong Tiếng Anh đầy đủ, chi tiết

Lý thuyết Động từ khuyết thiếu

I/ KHÁI NIỆM

Modal verbs được coi là động từ bất quy tắc và dùng để bổ nghĩa cho động từ chính trong câu, do đó, sau modal verbs, động từ chính thường giữ nguyên không chia.

Các động từ khuyết thiếu được sử dụng nhiều là Can, Will, May, Should, Must, Used to. Chúng ta cùng tìm hiểu về từng từ này với cách sử dụng riêng.

Modal verbs được sử dụng diễn tả mục đích và ngữ nghĩa của câu, bao gồm khả năng, sự cho phép, bắt buộc, cần thiết, dự đoán, yêu cầu,… .

ĐẶC ĐIỂM ĐỘNG TỪ KHUYẾT THIẾU:

- Không thêm –s, -ed, -ing vào sau động từ khuyết thiếu

➤ Không thêm “-s”, “-ed”, “-ing”, vào sau động từ khuyết thiếu.

➤ Động từ khuyết thiếu không cần chia ở ngôi thứ 3 như các động từ khác. Ở trường hợp nào cũng giữ nguyên, không phải chia.

➤ Được sử dụng với những mục đích khác nhau của người nói.

➤ Không có hình thức động từ nguyên thể hay phân từ hai, bất quy tắc. 

➤ Động từ chính đi với động từ khuyết thiếu không chia, ở dạng nguyên thể và có "to" hoặc không.

➤ Trong các câu hỏi, câu hỏi đuôi, câu phủ định...không cần trợ động từ 

II/ NHỮNG ĐỘNG TỪ KHUYẾT THIẾU THÔNG DỤNG

1. Can - Could

CAN

- Dùng để diễn tả khả năng hiện tại hoặc tương lai mà ai đó có thể làm được, hoặc sự việc nào đó có thể xảy ra.

Ví dụ: I can speaking English fluently.

- Xin phép 

Can I use your computer?

- Diễn tả khả năng

Smoking can cause lung cancer.

Example:

Can I borrow your book?

COULD

- Diễn tả khả năng trong quá khứ. Can dùng hiện tại, Could dùng quá khứ và được đánh giá có phần lịch sự hơn.

Ví dụ: I could read when I was six years old.

- Sự xin phép một cách lịch sự

Excuse me, Could I use your phone?

- Diễn tả khả năng

It could rain tomorrow!

➨ Xin phép ( ở hiện tại đều có thể dùng will và would)

➨  Yêu cầu, đề nghị ( ở hiện tại đều có thể dùng will và would)

➨ Can you turn off the TV, please?/ Could I ask you a question?

Ngoài Can và Could thì bạn có thể dùng able to để thay thế.

2. Must

- Diễn tả một sự bắt buộc theo hiện tại hoặc tương lai, mang tính chủ quan, nếu không làm sẽ cảm thấy áy náy.

Ví dụ: He must go to bed at 10.30 pm everyday.

- Lời đoán hoặc sự chắc chắn về điều gì đó có căn cứ.

He must be very tired after working hard all day long.

- Mustn’t- sự cấm đoán, không được làm gì đó.

Example: You mustn’t smoke at the hospital.

- Phủ định trong quá khứ của “must” là “had to”.

Example: They had to do this task yesterday because of running out of time.

3. May - Might

MAY

- Thể hiện sự xin phép

May I use your phone please?

- Thể hiện khả năng, xác suất

It may rain tomorrow!

MIGHT

- Hỏi, xin phép lịch sự hơn

Might I interrupt for a moment?

-  Thể hiện khả năng, xác suất

The car looks nice but it might be expensive.

“May” và “might” dùng để xin phép, tuy nhiên “might” hầu như chỉ dùng trong câu gián tiếp và ít dùng trong văn nói. Mức độ có thể nếu xác suất thấp thì dùng Might và cao hơn thì dùng May.

Example: He asked if she might come later.

Bên cạnh đó,

May - được dùng để đưa ra khả năng có thể; dự đoán ở hiện tại.

Ví dụ: It may rain tomorrow.

Might - Đưa ra khả năng có thể; dự đoán ở quá khứ

Ví dụ: She might come home late last night.

Với quá khứ, chúng ta sử dụng may have/ might have

Example:

I wonder why kate didn’t answer her phone? She may have been asleep.

I can find my jey anywhere.- You might have left it at work.

4. Need not

- Không cần thiết, không bắt buộc phải làm gì đó.

I needn’t come with us.

- Có thể sử dụng “don’t/ doesn’t need to…”

We don’t need to hurry.

5. Will

- Đoán sự việc có thể xảy ra trong tương lai

It will be rainy tomorrow

I think it will rain heavily tomorrow./ Because her brother was young, I think he would probably like this picture.

6. Would

- Diễn tả giả định xảy ra, dự đoán sự việc xảy ra trong quá khứ

He would be exhausted when hear this bad news.

I would drink a glass of milk everyday when I was a student in primary school.

- Mô tả những sự kiện (đơn giản, không có nhiều dự định) chắc chắn sẽ xảy ra trong tương lai.

➨ I will go to the supermarket with my mom tomorrow.

Will và would có thể dùng trong câu đề nghị, yêu cầu, lời mời.

Example: Will you give me your address?

Will you shut the door?

Would you like a car?

Would you like some coffee?

7.  Shall

Đề xuất làm gì với ngôi “I”, “we” hoặc giao nhiệm vụ cho người khác một cách trang trọng

What shall we meet?

We shall commit doing the articles in the agreement.

8. Should/ought to

Should hay còn biết đến dạng khác là “Ought to”. Từ này được dùng để đưa ra lời khuyên, nên làm gì.

Ví dụ: You should spend more time practicing listening to English lectures.

You ought to eat less meat and dairy products to avoid diseases such as cancer or diabetes.

- Thể hiện tính 50 % sự ép buộc

You should / ought to see a doctor.

- Lời khuyên

You should / ought to revise your lessons at home.

- Kết luận có căn cứ

He should / ought to be very tired. He's been working all day long.

Should/ ought to cũng được dùng khi diễ tả điều gì đó không đúng nếu không xảy ra.

Example: Where’s Jane?- She should be here right now.

9. Had better

-  Lời khuyên ( tốt hơn hết là…..)

You'd better do the homework right now.

10. Have to

-  Bắt buộc phải làm gì đó vì sự cần thiết, thường mang tính chất khách quan.

You have to sign your name here.

- Mức độ bắt buộc của “have to” không cao bằng “must”.

Phủ định của have to là “don’t/ doesn’t have to”.

 11. Used to

Trường hợp sử dụng	Ví dụ
➨ Used to V: Đã từng làm gì	➨ I used to eat a lot of ice-cream when I was a little girl.
➨ To get/ be used to Ving:	➨ Quen với việc làm gì I get used to/ am used to eating a glass of water before having dinner.

Bài tập Động từ khuyết thiếu

Task 1. Tích ✔ nếu đúng hoặc sửa lại nếu sai.

1. Can you to speak French? ________

2. I can give you a hand tomorrow morning, if you like. ________

3. I’ll can take my driving test after a few more lessons. ________

4. Jack can play the guitar before he learnt to talk! ________

5. If only I can afford to buy that top! ________

6. We can have gone up the Eiffel Tower while we were in Paris, but we decided to go to the Louvre instead. ________

7. I could get a more expensive computer, but it didn’t seem worth it. ________

8. I wish I could get out of the maths test tomorrow! ________

9. I bet you’d love to be can to get a satellite TV. ________

10. You’d better tell the coach if you can’t playing on Saturday. ________

Đáp án:

1. speak	2. ✔	3. be able to	4. could	5. could
6. could	7. ✔	8. ✔	9. able	10. play

Task 2. Chọn đáp án đúng. Nếu cả hai đáp án đều đúng, chọn cả hai.

1. You couldn’t / shouldn’t talk to people like that! It’s rude!

2. We could / were allowed to go home early yesterday because our teacher was ill.

3. Diana should have waited / been waiting for me at the corner. I wonder where she went.

4. Do you think I should / could be worried about these spots on my forehead?

5. You ought to / should enter that talent contest!

6. Hello. Could / Can I speak to Mrs Johnson, please?

7. Alan should write / have written two essays in the exam yesterday, not one!

8. No, you may / should not go out tonight. You know you’re grounded!

9. The head teacher said we could / were allowed to go home.

10. What were you doing in the park? You ought to have done / been doing your homework then!

Đáp án:

1. shouldn’t	2. were allowed to	3. both	4. should	5. both
6. both	7. have written	8. may	9. both	10. been doing

Task 3. Điền must, have to, need, hoặc need to vào chỗ trống.

1. Oh, I __________ remember to get some potatoes on the way home tonight.

2. Jason __________ see the headmaster during the next break. I wonder what it’s about?

3. We __________ light lots of candles during the power cut two nights ago.

4. I’ll __________ start doing my Christmas cards soon. It’s nearly December.

5. Carl, you __________ run into the street like that without looking first. It’s dangerous!

6. People with solar-powered cars (not) __________ worry about the price of petrol.

7. I wouldn’t like to __________ get up at five o’clock every morning.

8. We didn’t __________ do any washing-up after the picnic because we’d used disposable plates and cutlery.

9. Do professional musicians __________ practise every day?

10. I __________ have bothered cooking all that food; they’d eaten before they arrived.

Đáp án:

1. must/ have/need to	2. has/needs to	3. had/needed to	4. have/need to
5. mustn’t	6. don’t have/need to	7. have to	8. didn’t have/need to
9. have/need to	10. needn’t

Task 4. Chọn đáp án đúng.

1. ________ I have a look at those shoes in the window, please?

A. Must

B. Would

C. Should

D. Could

2. We ________ pay for the tickets as Josie won them in a competition.

A. mustn’t

B. didn’t have to

C. couldn’t

D. hadn’t to

3. You really ________ make such a mountain out of a molehill!

A. can’t

B. won’t

C. mightn’t

D. shouldn’t

4. You won’t ________ to connect to the Internet once you’ve got broadband as you’re online twenty-four hours a day.

A. need

B. must

C. ought

D. able

5. I hope we ________ find the cinema easily.

A. could

B. may

C. might

D. can

6. We couldn’t find a hotel room so we ________ sleep in the car. It was awful!

A. must

B. should

C. had to

D. could

7. We’d love to ________ afford to go on a round-the-world cruise.

A. can

B. be able to

C. will have to

D. have to

8. Fiona can’t ________ about the meeting. I reminded her this morning!

A. forget

B. be forgetting

C. have forgotten

D. have been forgetting

9. She could ________ in the garage when we came round, which would explain why she didn’t hear the bell.

A. work

B. be working

C. have worked

D. have been working

10. You’ll ________ tell the police that your house was broken into.

A. have to

B. must

C. had to

D. should

Đáp án:

1. D

2. B

3. D

4. A

5. D

6. C

7. B

8. C

9. D

10. A

Task 5. Điền các động từ khuyết thiếu dựa theo gợi ý.

1. Bruce __________ (is able to) finish most crosswords in under ten minutes.

2. Charlotte didn’t get to the Craig David concert because she __________ (wasn’t able to) get tickets.

3. I __________ (had the opportunity to go) to Oxford but I decided to go to a more modern university.

4. You __________ (were wrong to tell) Angus. You know he can’t keep a secret!

5. If you have a cashpoint card, you __________ (are not forced to) go into the bank to get money from your account.

6. We __________ (were made to) apologise to the police for wasting their time.

7. That __________ (almost definitely wasn’t) the last can of soda in the fridge. I bought loads this morning!

8. __________ (Were you obliged to) talk about two photographs during the interview?

9. Children __________ (are not allowed to) be left unattended.

10. The weather __________ (will probably) be good tomorrow.

Đáp án:

1. can	2. couldn’t	3. could have gone	4. shouldn’t have told
5. don’t have/need to	6. had to	7. can’t have been	8. Did you have to
9. mustn’t/ must not	10. ought to/ should

Bài tập bổ sung

Exercise 1. Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.

1. (Could you/ Were you able to) find a job when you lived in Spain?

2. The shop is closed. We (can’t/ aren’t able to) go there on Sunday.

3. Ann feels much better. She (can/ will be able to) go out tomorrow, I hope.

4. The police (could/ were able to) catch the burglar because he’d set off the alarm.

5. I am sorry for my English. I (could never have/ never been able to) speak without mistakes.

6. Can you remember Jane? You (could/ were able to) see her at Brian’s party last Saturday.

7. Are you free tomorrow night? (Can we/ Are we able to) meet at Mario’s pizzeria?

8. Mum is ill. I’m afraid she (can’t/ won’t be able to) cook next weekend.

9. Fortunately, I can speak Spanish a little bit. I (could/ was able to) give them directions.

10. Peter had nothing to do yesterday morning. He (could/ was able to) cut the grass before it started to rain.

Đáp án:

1. were you able to	2. can’t	3. will be able to
4. were able to	5. have never been able to	6. could
7. Can we	8. won’t be able to	9. was able to
10. could

Exercise 2. Complete the sentences with can, could, or be able to.

1. I’m right-handed. I _______ write with my left hand.

A. could

B. can

C. can’t

D. won’t be able to

2.   _______ you usually remember your dreams?

A. Can

B. can’t

C. cannot

D. could

3. People used to think that witches _______ do magic.

A. will be able to

B. could

C. won’t be able to

D. can

4. When I was young, I _______ eat anything I liked, I never got fat.

A. can

B. cannot

C. will be able to

D. could

5. _______ come to the pub tonight?

A. Will you be able to

B. Won’t be able to

C. Could you not

D. Can you to

6. I _______ swim since I was 11.

A. cannot

B. could

C. will not

D. will

7. I am an interpreter. I   _______ speak 7 different languages.

A. can

B. could

C. will can

D. can be        

8. One day I _______ run a marathon, but I need to practice first.

A. won’t

B. could

C. can

D. will be able to

9. _______ when you were 10?

A. You could swim

B. Could you swim

C. Could swim

D. Will you be able to swim

10. We _______ get to the meeting on time yesterday, because the train was delayed by one hour.

A. couldn’t not

B. cannot

C. couldn’t

D. will be able to

Đáp án:

1. B	2. A	3. B	4. D	5. A
6. B	7. A	8. D	9. B	10. C

Exercise 3. Choose the right answer to complete each sentence.

1. She _________ sing an English song at the age of 5.

A. can

B. could

2. _________ robots talk to people some years ago?

A. Can

B. Could

3. He _________ read and write when he was 6 years old.

A. could

B. might

4. _________ they climb Mount Fansipan now?

A. Can

B. Could

5. John _________ play the piano very well 5 years ago.

A. will

B. could

6. In the past, robots _________ only do very simple things.

A. can

B. could

7. I _________ swim until I was 10 years old.

A. can't

B. couldn't

Đáp án:

1. B

2. B

3. A

4. A

5. B

6. B

7. B

Exercise 4. Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.

1. _______ he understand what you were talking about?

A. Could

B. Cans

C. Coulded

2. My sister _______ play tennis now.

A. can to

B. can

C. will can

3. I _______ walk when I was less than a year old.

A. can

B. could

C. have can

4. (Polite) _______ you tell me what time it is, please?

A. Could

B. Can

C. Will

5. My grandfather ________ walk without any help last night.

A. can

B. could

C. was able to

6. I would like to ________ play the piano.

A. can

B. could

C. be able to

7. How long have you ________ drive?

A. can

B. coulded

C. been able to

8. I’ll ________ help you later.

A. can

B. could

C. be able to

9. Can you help me? I ________ never understand this.

A. can

B. cannot

C. am able to

10. Will people ________ live forever one day?

A. could be

B. be able to

C. could be able to

11.  _______ you hear the fireworks from your house last night?

A. Could

B. Can

C. Can’t

12.  Do you think you _______ write that report by Tuesday? I know you’re very busy.

A. will be able to

B. have been able to

C. couldn’t

13. I _______ touch my toes. See!

A. could

B. can

C. will be able to

14. I _______ spend another moment in that restaurant. It was too noisy.

A. have been able to

B. can’t

C. couldn’t

15. I _______ never seem to get the temperature right.

A. can’t

B. can

C. to be able to

16. _______ play professional tennis, you must be extremely fit.

A. Will you be able to

B. Couldn’t

C. To be able to

17. _______ you play an instrument?

A. Can

B. Couldn’t

C. Able to

18. I’m afraid I _______ attend the meeting, I’m on business in Japan.

A. will be able to

B. can

C. won’t be able to

19. _______ you have brought it to me at work?

A. Will be able to

B. Couldn’t

C. Cannot

20. They _______ save the men from the sinking ship.

A. was able to

B. were able to

C. could to

Đáp án:

1. A	2. B	3. B	4. A	5. C	6. C	7. C	8. C	9. A	10. B
11. A	12. A	13. B	14. C	15. B	16. C	17. A	18. C	19. B	20. B

Xem thêm các loạt bài Ngữ pháp Tiếng Anh hay, chi tiết khác:

• Phân biệt cách sử dụng In – On – At
• Cấu trúc Câu bị động dạng đặc biệt
• Cấu trúc Câu bị động theo các thì
• Tất tần tật về Câu hỏi đuôi trong Tiếng Anh
• Câu tường thuật - Reported Speech (I)

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