Câu tường thuật trong tiếng Anh

Bài viết Câu tường thuật gồm ngữ pháp Câu tường thuật chi tiết và bài tập Câu tường thuật có lời giải giúp học sinh nắm vững cách sử dụng Câu tường thuật trong tiếng Anh.

Câu tường thuật trong tiếng Anh

Lý thuyết Câu tường thuật

A. Câu tường thuật trong tiếng Anh

Reported Speech là câu tường thuật lại một lời nói của ai đó.

Đôi khi chúng ta cần tường thuật lại một lời nói của ai đó, chúng ta sẽ dùng câu tường thuật. Xét trường hợp sau:

Bạn gặp Tom, Tom nói chuyện với bạn và bạn kể lại cho ai nghe lời Tom nói. Có hai cách để làm điều này:

Cách 1:

Tom said: 'I like Marry'.

(Tom nói: 'Tôi thích Marry.')

Đây là dạng tường thuật trực tiếp (Direct Speech). Ở đây ta lặp lại y nguyên lời Tom nói.

Cách 2:

Tom said (that) he liked Marry.

(Tom nói (rằng) cậu ta thích Marry.)

Đây là dạng câu tường thuật (Reported Speech), chúng ta lặp lại lời Tom nói theo cách của chúng ta. Khi chúng ta tường thuật lại lời nói là chúng ta nói đến một điều của quá khứ. Vì vậy mệnh đề tường thuật thường chuyển đi một cấp quá khứ so với câu nói trực tiếp. Để ý trong câu trên Tom nói 'I like' và chúng ta tường thuật lại là he liked.

Như vậy để chuyển sang câu tường thuật, đơn giản chúng ta ghép nội dung tường thuật ở phía sau câu nói và hạ động từ của nó xuống một cấp quá khứ, đại từ được chuyển đổi cho thích hợp.

Ví dụ:

- Tom said (that) his parents were very well.

(Tom nói rằng cha mẹ anh ta rất khỏe.)

- Tom said (that) he was going to give up his job.

(Tom nói rằng anh ta định thôi việc.)

- Tom said (that) Ann had bought a new car.

(Tom nói rằng Ann đã mua một chiếc xe mới.)

- Tom said (that) he couldn't come to the party on Friday.

(Tom nói rằng anh ta không đến dự tiệc hôm thứ sáu được.)

- Tom said (that) he wanted to go on holiday but he didn't know where to go.

(Tom nói rằng anh ta muốn đi chơi vào ngày nghỉ nhưng anh ta chẳng biết đi đâu.)

- Tom said (that) he was going away for a few days and would phone me when he got back.

(Tom nói rằng anh ta định đi xa vài ngày và sẽ điện cho tôi khi anh ta trở về.)

Trong trường hợp câu trực tiếp ở thì quá khứ đơn thì khi chuyển sang câu tường thuật, chúng ta có thể giữ nguyên nó hay chuyển sang thì quá khứ hoàn thành đều được.

Ví dụ:

Trực tiếp:

Tom said: 'I woke up feeling ill and so I stayed in bed.'

(Tom nói: "Tôi thức dậy thấy bệnh vì vậy nằm lại giường.")

--> Câu tường thuật:

Tom said (that) he woke up feeling ill and so stayed in bed.

hoặc

Tom said he had woken up feeling ill and so had stayed in bed.

Khi chúng ta tường thuật lại một điều mà trong hiện tại vẫn còn đúng như vậy không nhất thiết phải chuyển nó sang quá khứ.

Ví dụ:

- Tom said New York is bigger than London.

(Tom nói New York lớn hơn Luân đôn.)

Điều cần lưu ý nhất là khi tường thuật lại các câu hỏi và câu mệnh lệnh.

Ví dụ:

Trực tiếp:

'Stay in bed for a few days', the doctor said to me.

("Hãy nằm trên giường vài ngày đã" — bác sĩ nói với tôi.)

--> Câu tường thuật:

The doctor said to me to stay in bed for a few days.

(Bác sĩ bảo tôi nằm trên giường vài ngày đã.)

Trực tiếp:

'Don't shout', I said to Jim.

("Đừng có hét", tôi nói với Jim.)

--> Câu tường thuật:

I said to Jim not to shout.

(Tôi bảo Jim đừng hét.)

Trực tiếp:

'Please don't tell anyone what happened', Ann said to me.

("Xin đừng bảo ai điều đã xảy ra" — Ann bảo tôi.)

--> Câu tường thuật:

Ann asked me not to tell anyone what (had) happened.

(Ann xin tôi đừng nói với ai điều đã xảy ra.)

Trực tiếp:

'Can you open the door for me, Tom?', Ann asked.

("Anh mở cửa dùm tôi được không Tom?", Ann hỏi.)

--> Câu tường thuật:

Ann asked Tom to open the door for her.

(Ann hỏi Tom mở cửa dùm cô ta.)

Như vậy trong trường hợp này động từ trong câu tường thuật chuyển thành động từ nguyên thể có to.

B. Sử dụng câu tường thuật với các câu hỏi

Khi tường thuật lại một câu hỏi có từ để hỏi, chúng ta cũng làm như trên nhưng thứ tự của chủ từ và trợ động từ được đổi lại.

Câu hỏi: Trợ động từ + Chủ từ

Tường thuật: Chủ từ + Trợ động từ

Ví dụ:

Trực tiếp:

He asked me: 'Where are you going?'

(Ông ta hỏi tôi: "Anh đang đi đâu đấy?")

--> Câu tường thuật:

He asked me where I am going.

(Ông ta hỏi tôi đang đi đâu.)

Trực tiếp:

Ann asked: 'When did they get married?'

(Ann hỏi: "Họ đám cưới hồi nào vậy?")

--> Câu tường thuật:

Ann asked when they got married.

(Ann hỏi họ đám cưới hồi nào.)

Đặc biệt khi tường thuật lại các câu hỏi không có từ để hỏi, chúng ta sử dụng if hoặc whether.

Quan sát kỹ các câu sau:

Trực tiếp:

Tom asked: 'Do you remember me?'

(Tom hỏi: "Anh có nhớ tôi không?")

--> Câu tường thuật:

Tom asked if I remembered him.

hoặc

Tom asked whether I remembered him.

(Tom hỏi tôi có nhớ anh ta không.)

Trực tiếp:

My mother asked me: 'Do you see Ann?'

(Mẹ tôi hỏi tôi: "Con có gặp Ann không?")

--> Câu tường thuật:

My mother asked me if I saw Ann.

hoặc

My mother asked me whether I saw Ann.

(Mẹ tôi hỏi tôi có gặp Ann không.)

Bài tập Câu tường thuật

Task 1. Điền dạng đúng của từ

1. Stewart said he __________ (not / want) any dessert as he was full.

2. Derek said that he and Belinda __________ (see) Adam recently.

3. When I called, Susie said she __________ (give) the dog a bath so she asked me to phone back in half an hour.

4. Marcus said he __________ (try) to find a flat for ages before he finally found one he liked.

5. Debbie says she __________ (decide) to quit her job but I don’t believe her.

6. Our English teacher said that Shakespeare __________ (be) probably the greatest writer in the English language ever.

7. Richard said he and Patricia __________ (be going to) invite her parents for the weekend, but I don’t know if they went or not.

8. Charlotte said last night that she really __________ (love) me, even if she doesn’t always show it.

9. Ollie said to Linda that he __________ (ask) me to be his best man on Monday but in fact he asked Grant.

10. Pete told Francis he _________ (bring up) by his grandparents but in fact he hadn’t at all.

Đáp án:

1. didn’t want	2. had seen	3. was giving
4. had been trying/ had tried	5. has decided	6. is/ was
7. were going to	8. loves/ loved	9. had asked/ would ask
10. had been brought up

Task 2. Tích ✔ nếu phần in đậm đúng hoặc sửa lại nếu sai.

1. On Monday, my boss said I can take Wednesday off, but he changed his mind today for some reason. _______

2. The receptionist said that if I wanted to have breakfast, I will have to pay extra. _______

3. A lot of people at school have said that Andrew may get the lead in the school play. _______

4. Colin said he’d been planning to ask Rich to move in with him for ages. _______

5. Lucy says she would let us know as soon as she gets the tickets. _______

6. Jordan said that he has to get up at five thirty every morning. _______

7. Before he got his results, Philip said that he may have to retake some exams, but now he knows he doesn’t have to. _______

8. Did Mrs. Morgan say why she’d called? _______

9. Paul said he should be there tomorrow night at about nine. _______

10. Dan said he must have driven to Liverpool that night, but apparently he didn’t go in the end. _______

Đáp án:

1. could	2. would	3. ✔	4. ✔	5. will
6. ✔	7. might	8. ✔	9. ✔	10. had to

Task 3. Viết lại câu (2-5 từ) với từ cho sẵn.

1. ‘We’ll be travelling round Europe next month,’ said Jerry. following

⮚ Jerry said that _________________________ be travelling round Europe.

2. ‘I had Evan and Christie over for dinner last night,’ said Liz. before

⮚ Liz said that _________________________ had Evan and Christie over for dinner.

3. ‘Daz came here two days ago and then suddenly left,’ said Barry. gone

⮚ Barry said that Daz had _________________________ and then suddenly left.

4. ‘We’re going on our yearly diet tomorrow,’ said Jessie and Sandy together. starting

⮚ Jessie and Sandy said together that _________________________ yearly diet the next day.

5. ‘I can pick you two boys up from school this afternoon,’ said their father to George and Kevin. that

⮚ George and Kevin’s father told his sons _________________________ up from school that afternoon.

6. ‘I’ll buy these as they’re so cheap!’ said Toby. going

⮚ Toby said he _________________________ as they were so cheap.

7. ‘You must study harder, Dave,’ said Dave’s mum. him

⮚ Dave’s mum _________________________ study harder.

8. ‘I think you may be coming down with flu,’ Greg said to me. thought

⮚ Greg said that _________________________ be coming down with flu.

9. ‘I don’t know why they haven’t contacted me recently,’ said Tina. been

⮚ Tina said she didn’t know why _________________________ recently.

10. ‘Everything was different yesterday,’ said Ben. been

⮚ Ben said everything _________________________ before.

Đáp án:

1. the following month they would	2. the night before she had
3. gone there two days before/ previously	4. they were starting their
5. that he would pick them	6. was going to buy them
7. told him he had to	8. he thought I might
9. she hadn’t/ hasn’t been contacted	10. had been different the day

Task 4. Điền từ vào chỗ trống.

The Excuses

The office was silent. ‘So, let me get this right,’ (1) ________ Alison calmly. ‘Not one of you is willing to donate some money towards Mr Bartlett’s leaving present.’ There was silence again for a moment. Then Deidre (2) ________ up, saying that she (3) ________ love to give a donation, but unfortunately her house (4) ________ being painted that week and she (5) ________ not have any spare cash at all. Alec was next. He was very apologetic and said that he (6) ________ meant to bring some money to work (7) ________ morning, but had forgotten. Perhaps tomorrow? Betty said she (8) ________ completely broke at (9) ________ moment in time, and said she (10) ________ not give anything until she (11) ________ her pay cheque at the end of the week. Alison stared at them all. She (12) ________ them how disappointed she (13) ________ with all of them, and that she (14) ________ remember their excuses when it was time for (15) ________ to retire. She slammed the door behind her as she left the room.

Đáp án:

1. said	2. stood/ spoke	3. would	4. was	5. did
6. had	7. that	8. was	9. that	10. could/ would
11. got/ received	12. told	13. was	14. would	15. them

Task 5. Viết lại các câu hỏi tường thuật.

1. ‘Petunia, have you heard from your sister lately?’

⮚ Mr. Dursley asked his wife if _______________________________________________

2. ‘Do you know you’ve got dirt on your nose?’

⮚ Hermione asked Ron whether _______________________________________________

3. ‘May I take you through to the dining room, Mrs. Mason?’

⮚ Dudley asked Mrs. Mason if ________________________________________________

4. ‘Can you think of anyone at school with a grudge against you?’

⮚ Fred asked Harry whether __________________________________________________

5. ‘Harry, did you see that picture of Ron and his family a week ago?’

⮚ Hermione wanted to know whether ___________________________________________

6. ‘Should the boy spend tonight in the hospital wing?’

⮚ Prof. McGonagall asked Madam Pomfrey if ____________________________________

7. ‘How long would you reckon you’re going to last, Potter?’

⮚ Malfoy asked Potter _______________________________________________________

8. ‘What are those owls doing if they’re not bringing you news, Harry?

⮚ Aunt Petunia demanded to know _____________________________________________

9. ‘Were you once again absent while the rest of us ran dangers?’

⮚ Bellatrix asked Snape whether _______________________________________________

10. “Why aren’t Ron and Bill huddled around my sickbed?’

⮚ George wanted to know ____________________________________________________

Đáp án:

1. she had heard from her sister lately.

2. he knew he had got dirt on his nose.

3. he might take her through to the dining room.

4. he could think of anyone at school with a grudge against him.

5. Harry had seen the/ that picture of Ron and his family the week before/ previously.

6. the boy should spend that night in the hospital wing.

7. how long he would reckon he was going to last.

8. what the/ those owls were doing if they were not bringing Harry news.

9. he had once again been absent while the rest of them had run dangers.

10. why Ron and Bill weren’t huddled around his sickbed.

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Câu tường thuật trong tiếng Anh