Ngữ pháp, bài tập Mệnh đề quan hệ (có đáp án)

Tài liệu Mệnh đề quan hệ lớp 9 hay, có đáp án trình bày khái quát lại ngữ pháp, cấu trúc, cách dùng cũng như bài tập có đáp án chi tiết nhằm mục đích giúp học sinh ôn luyện ngữ pháp và đạt kết quả cao trong các bài thi môn Tiếng Anh lớp 9.

Ngữ pháp, bài tập Mệnh đề quan hệ (có đáp án)

Phần 1: Lý thuyết

I. Định nghĩa

Mệnh đề quan hệ (mệnh đề tính từ) bắt đầu bằng các đại từ quan hệ: who, whom, which, that, whose hay những trạng từ quan hệ: why, where, when. Mệnh đề quan hệ dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước nó.

II. CÁC ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ:
1. WHO:

– Làm chủ từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ

– Thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người
[ … N (person) + WHO + V + O ]

2. WHOM:

– Làm túc từ cho động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ

– Thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người
[ … N (person) + WHOM + S + V ]

3. WHICH:

– Làm chủ từ hoặc túc từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ

– Thay thế cho danh từ chỉ vật
[ … N (thing) + WHICH + V + O ]
[ … N (thing) + WHICH + S + V ]

4. THAT:

– Có thể thay thế cho vị trí của who, whom, which trong mệnh đề quan hệ quan hệ xác định.

5. WHOSE: dùng để chỉ sở hữu cho danh từ chỉ người hoặc vật, thường thay cho các từ: her, his, their, hoặc hình thức ‘s.
[ … N (person, thing) + WHOSE + N + V … ]

III. CÁC TRẠNG TỪ QUAN HỆ:

1. WHY: mở đầu cho mệnh đề quan hệ chỉ lý do, thường thay cho cụm for the reason, for that reason.

[ … N (reason) + WHY + S + V … ]

Ex: I don’t know the reason. You didn’t go to school for that reason.
 → I don’t know the reason why you didn’t go to school.

2. WHERE: thay thế từ chỉ nơi chốn, thường thay cho there

[ … N (place) + WHERE + S + V … ]
 (WHERE = ON / IN / AT + WHICH)

Ex: a/ The hotel wasn’t very clean. We stayed t that hotel.
→ The hotel where we stayed wasn’t very clean.
 → The hotel at which we stayed wasn’t very clean.

3. WHEN: thay thế từ chỉ thời gian, thường thay cho từ then

[ … N (time) + WHEN + S + V … ]
 (WHEN = ON / IN / AT + WHICH)

Ex: Do you still remember the day? We first met on that day.
→ Do you still remember the day when we first met?
 → Do you still remember the day on which we first met?

I don’t know the time. She will come back then.
 → I don’t know the time when she will come back.

IV. CÁC LOẠI MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ:

Có hai loại mệnh đề quan hệ: mệnh đề quan hệ xác định và mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định.

1.     Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (Defining relative clauses): là mệnh đề được dùng để xác định danh từ đứng trước nó. Mệnh đề xác định là mệnh đề cần thiết cho ý nghĩa của câu, không có nó câu sẽ không đủ nghĩa. Nó được sử dụng khi danh từ là danh từ không xác định và không dùng dấu phẩy ngăn cách nó với mệnh đề chính.

Ex: The city which I visited last summer is very beautiful.
 (Defining relative clause)

2.      Mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định (Non-defining relative clauses): là mệnh đề cung cấp thêm thông tin về một người, một vật hoặc một sự việc đã được xác định. Mệnh đề không xác định là mệnh đề không nhất thiết phải có trong câu, không có nó câu vẫn đủ nghĩa. Nó được sử dụng khi danh từ là danh từ xác định và được ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng một hoặc hai dấu phẩy (,) hay dấu gạch ngang (-)

Ex: Dalat, which I visited last summer, is very beautiful.
 (Non-defining relative clause)

Note: để biết khi nào dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định, ta lưu ý các điểm sau:

– Khi danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa là một danh từ riêng

– Khi danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa là một tính từ sở hữu (my, his, her, their)

– Khi danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa la một danh từ đi với this , that, these, those

V. MỘT SỐ LƯU Ý TRONG MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ:
 1. Nếu trong mệnh đề quan hệ có giới từ thì giới từ có thể đặt trước hoặc sau mệnh đề quan hệ (chỉ áp dụng với whom và which.)

Ex: Mr. Brown is a nice teacher. We studied with him last year.

→ Mr. Brown, with whom we studied last year, is a nice teacher.

→ Mr. Brown, whom we studied with last year, is a nice teacher.

2. Có thể dùng which thay cho cả mệnh đề đứng trước.
Ex: She can’t come to my birthday party. That makes me sad.

→ She can’t come to my birthday party, which makes me sad.

3. Ở vị trí túc từ, whom có thể được thay bằng who.
 Ex: I’d like to talk to the man whom / who I met at your birthday party.

4. Trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định , chúng ta có thể bỏ các đại từ quan hệ làm túc từ: whom, which.
Ex: The girl you met yesterday is my close friend.

The book you lent me was very interesting.

5. Các cụm từ chỉ số lượng some of, both of, all of, neither of, many of, none of … có thể được dùng trước whom, which và whose.
Ex: I have two sisters, both of whom are students.

She tried on three dresses, none of which fitted her.

VI. CÁCH RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ:
 1. Mệnh đề quan hệ được rút thành cụm phân từ:

Mệnh đề quan hệ chứa các đại từ quan hệ làm chủ từ who, which, that có thể được rút gọn thành cụm hiện tại phân từ (V-ing) hoặc quá khứ phân từ (V3/ed).

* Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ là mệnh đề chủ động thì rút thành cụm hiện tại phân từ (V-ing).

Ex:
a/ The man who is standing over there is my father.
 → The man standing over there is my father.

b/ The couple who live next door to me are professors.
 → The couple living next door to me are professors.

* Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ là mệnh đề bị động thì rút thành cụm quá khứ phân từ (V3/ed).

Ex:
a/ The instructions that are given on the front page are very important.

→ The instructions given on the front page are very important.

b/ The book which was bought by my mother is interesting.

→   The book bought by my mother is interesting.

2. Mệnh đề quan hệ được rút thành cụm động từ nguyên mẫu:

Mệnh đề quan hệ được rút thành cụm động từ nguyên mẫu (To-infinitive) khi trước đại từ quan hệ có các cụm từ: the first, the second, the last, the only hoặc hình thức so sánh bậc nhất.

Ex:
a/ John was the last person that got the news.

→    John was the last person to get the news.

b/ He was the best player that we admire.

→   He was the best player to be admired.

c/ He was the second man who was killed in this way.

→   He was the second man to be killed in this way.

VII. TRƯỜNG HỢP DÙNG ‘THAT’ KHÔNG DÙNG WHICH.

1. Phía trước là “all, little, much, few, everything, none ” thì dùng “that” mà không dùng “which”.
Ex: There are few books that you can read in this book store.
(Có một vài cuốn sách mà bạn có thể đọc ở tiệm sách này).

2. Từ được thay thế phía trước vừa có người vừa có vật thì dùng “that” mà không dùng “which”.
Ex: He asked about the factories and workers that he had visited.
(Ông ấy hỏi về những công ty và công nhân mà ông ấy đã đến thăm)

3. Từ được thay thế phía trước có định ngữ là tính từ ở cấp so sánh nhất thì dùng “that” mà không dùng “which”.
Ex: This is the best novel that I have ever read.
(Đây là cuốn tiểu thuyết hay nhất mà tôi từng đọc).

4. Từ được thay thế phía trước có định ngữ là số thứ tự thì dùng “that” mà không dùng “which”.
Ex: The first sight that was caught at the Great Wall has made a lasting impression on him.
(Cảnh tượng đầu tiên về Vạn lý trường thành đập vào mắt ông ấy gây được ấn tượng khó quên với ông).

5. Từ được thay thế phía trước có định ngữ là “the only, the very, the same, the right” thì dùng “that” mà không dùng “which”.
Ex: It is the only book that he bought himself.
(Đó là cuốn sách duy nhất mà anh ta đã tự mình mua).

6. Từ được thay thế phía trước có định ngữ là “all, every, any, much, little, few, no” thì dùng “that” mà không dùng “which”.
Ex: You can take any room that you like.
(Anh có thể lấy bất cứ phòng nào mà anh thích).
– There is no clothes that fit you here.
(Ở đây chẳng có bộ quần áo nào phù hợp với bạn cả).

7. Trong câu hỏi (Mệnh đề chính) mở đầu bằng “which” thì dùng “that” mà không dùng “which” làm từ nối.
Ex: Which of the books that had pictures was worth reading?
(Những cuốn sách có tranh ảnh thì đáng đọc đúng không?)

8. Trong câu nhấn mạnh “It is … that …” thì dùng “that” mà không dùng “which” làm từ nối .
Ex: It is in this room that he was born twenty years ago.
(Cách đây hai mươi năm chính trong căn phòng này ông ấy đã được sinh ra).

9. Trong câu dùng cấu trúc “such (the same) … as …” dùng từ nối “as” không dùng “which”.
Ex: We need such materials as can bear high temperature.
(Chúng tôi cần những vật liệu có thể chịu được nhiệt độ cao như thế này).

10. Diễn tả ý “giống như…..” dùng từ nối “as” không dùng “which”.
Ex: Mary was late again, as had been expected.
(Mary lại đi muộn, như đã được dự kiến)

VIII. TRƯỜNG HỢP KHÔNG DÙNG ‘THAT’:

+ Trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định
 + Sau giới từ.

+ Sau dấu “,”

Phần 2: Bài tập vận dụng

Sử dụng các mệnh đề quan hệ viết lại các câu dưới đây:

1. Show me the new hats. You bought them last night.
 =>> ……………………………………………………………………..

2. That is a company. It produces rings.

=>> ……………………………………………………………………..

3. My best friend can compose songs. Ly sings folk songs very well.

=>> ……………………………………………………………………..

4. Zoe bought a new phone yesterday. I can use it to send and receive messages.

=>> ……………………………………………………………………..

5. The man is her father. You met him last week.
 =>> ……………………………………………………………………..

6. Zoe likes the blue T-shirt. My sister is wearing it.

=>> ……………………………………………………………………..

7. Zoe has a sister. Her sister’s name is Juma.

=>> ……………………………………………………………………..

8. The children were attracted by the show. It was performed so many.
 =>> ……………………………………………………………………..

9. Tet is a festival. Tet often happens in late January or early February.
 =>> ……………………………………………………………………..

10. Jack is the boy. He is giving my mom a gift.
 =>> ……………………………………………………………………..

ĐÁP ÁN

1. Show me the new hats which you bought last night.

2. That is a company which produces rings.

3. My best friend can compose songs which Ly sings very well.

4. Zoe bought a new phone yesterday which I can use to send and receive messages.

5. The man whom you met last week is her father.

6. Zoe likes the blue T-shirt which my sister is wearing.

7. Zoe has a sister whose name is Juma.

8. The children were attracted by the show which was performed so many.

9. Tet is a festival that often happens in late January or early February.

10. Jack is the boy who is giving my mom a gift.

Bài 3: Nối hai câu sau thành một câu có nghĩa bằng cách sử dụng các mệnh đề quan hệ phù hợp

1. He was Tom. I met him at the bar yesterday.

………………………………………………………………………………………

2. The woman works in a hospital. She is from India.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

3. The man works for my father’s company. The man’s daughter is fond of dancing.

………………………………………………………………………………………

4. The first boy has just moved. He knows the truth.

………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Linh liked the waiter. He was very friendly.

………………………………………………………………………………………

6. They are looking for the man and his dog. They have lost the way in the forest.

………………………………………………………………………………………

7. The students will be awarded the present. The students’ reports are very valuable.

………………………………………………………………………………………

8. The TV got broken. It was my grandfather’s.

………………………………………………………………………………………

9. Jerry sent me a letter. It was very funny.

………………………………………………………………………………………

10. I live in a city. It is in the north of Vietnam.

………………………………………………………………………………………

ĐÁP ÁN

1. The man whom I met at the bar yesterday was Tom.

2. The woman who is from India works in a hospital.

3. The man whose daughter is fond of dancing works for my father’s company.

4. The first boy who knows the truth has just moved.

5. Linh liked the waiter who was very friendly.

6. They’re looking for the man and his dog that have lost the way in the forest.

7. The students whose report are very valuable will be awarded the present.

8. The TV that was my grandfather’s got broken.

9. The woman who is from India works in a hospital.

10. I live in a city that is in the north of Vietnam.

Bài tập bổ sung

Task 1. Viết lại câu dùng cấu trúc mệnh đề quan hệ.

1. That tree is an oak. My grandfather planted it 60 years ago.

⮚ ____________________________________________________________

2. Tina and Charlie are having a party this Saturday. They’re identical twins.

⮚ ____________________________________________________________

3. On the Friday, we spent most of the day sitting in the port. On the Friday, the ferry was delayed.

⮚ ____________________________________________________________

4. Barbara used to work in the Personnel Department. You met her at Libby’s last Thursday.

⮚ ____________________________________________________________

5. Let’s go to da Vinci’s. They do a great pepper steak there.

⮚ ____________________________________________________________

6. This book was once owned by Sir Francis Drake. It was given to me by my great aunt.

⮚ ____________________________________________________________

7. Why did Danny decide to enter the marathon? Danny’s totally unfit.

⮚ ____________________________________________________________

8. Guy is now engaged to my sister. His sister is married to my brother.

⮚ ____________________________________________________________

Đáp án:

1. That tree, which my grandfather planted 60 years ago, is an oak.

2. Tina and Charlie, who are identical twins, are having a party this Saturday.

3. On the Friday, when the ferry was delayed, we spent most of the day sitting in the port.

4. Barbara, who/whom you met at Libby’s last Thursday, used to work in the Personnel Department.

5. Let’s go to da Vinci’s, where they do a great pepper steak.

6. This book, which was once owned by Sir Francis Drake, was given to me by my great aunt.

7. Why did Danny, who’s totally unfit, decide to enter the marathon?

8. Guy, whose sister is married to my brother, is now engaged to my sister.

Task 2. Điền từ thích hợp vào chỗ trống.

Broken bones

Most of us will suffer from a ‘fracture’, (1) _______ is the medical term for a broken bone, at some point in our lives. A patient (2) _______ arm, let’s say, is suspected of being broken will first be given an X-ray. (3) _______ determined the extent of the fracture, the orthopaedic surgeon will decide on the most effective treatment. For a fracture (4) _______ manipulation is required, (5) _______ may involve the patient being given a general anaesthetic while the bone is essentially re-broken. Patients (6) _______ have more serious fractures may require ‘fracture fixation’, (7) _______ pins and rods are connected to the bone to strengthen it. (8) _______, for simple fractures, a cast – often (9) _______ out of plaster of Paris or fibreglass – is all that is required.

(10) _______ a broken upper leg can take anything up to twelve weeks to heal, a broken toe can heal in just three weeks. Their plaster cast (11) _______ off, the patient will almost certainly require physiotherapy to exercise a limb (12) _______ has been inactive for several weeks. (13) _______ advances in medical technology, (14) _______ get a frail elderly person’s fracture to heal is still remarkably difficult. Even (15) _______ the fracture has been treated in the right way, it is quite possible that the bone will never fully heal.

Đáp án:

1. which	2. whose	3. Having	4. where	5. this
6. who/that	7. in	8. However	9. made	10. (Al)though
11. taken	12. which/that	13. Despite	14. to	15. if/when

Task 3. Tìm và sửa lỗi sai trong các câu.

1. She cherishes the era which jazz music was at its peak. _______

2. The shop which they sells vintage items is quite popular. _______

3. The reason which we lost the game is that we didn’t practice enough. _______

4. The team that they won the game was very happy. _______

5. The gardener, which we employ, takes great care of our plants. _______

6. The company, whose their products are innovative, is leading the market. _______

7. The university at where she teaches is renowned for its law courses. _______

8. The day on when my sister graduated was unforgettable. _______

9. Harlen joined a club in where members share a love for photography. _______

10. He’s the man whom helped me when I lost my keys. _______

11. The reason for why he’s successful is that he works really hard. _______

12. The hotel where we stayed in during our vacation had excellent service. _______

13. The semester whose I took five courses was the busiest. _______

14. The market whom I buy my groceries is just around the corner. _______

15. The author whom wrote this book won a literary award. _______

Đáp án:

1. which —> when	2. which they —> which	3. which —> why/ that
4. that they —> that	5. which —> whom	6. whose their —> whose
7. where —> which	8. when —> which	9. where —> which
10. whom —> that/ who	11. for why —> why	12. where —> which
13. whose —> when	14. whom —> where	15. whom —> who

Task 4. Điền từ thích hợp vào chỗ trống.

English, (1) _______ is a global language, plays a crucial role. English is used in everyday life by millions of people (2) _______ find it essential for communication. It’s the language that connects individuals (3) _______ nationalities and languages are different from each other. It’s the medium through (4) _______ we express our thoughts and ideas.

Furthermore, English is the language (5) _______ is used in international diplomacy. Diplomats and world leaders (6) _______ can express their thoughts clearly in English are often more successful in negotiations. English is widely used in business meetings, (7) _______ participants come from diverse backgrounds.

English holds a significant place in schools. It is spoken in many schools around the world in (8) _______ students learn various subjects. These students, (9) _______ backgrounds are diverse, find a common ground in English. This explains the reason (10) _______ English is so important in a multicultural school environment.

Practicing English effectively, (11) _______ is a goal for many language learners, involves a variety of strategies. One strategy is to find a partner, with (12) _______ you can practice speaking English. This person, (13) _______ could be a native speaker or another learner, can provide valuable feedback.

Additionally, learners should make use of online resources (14) _______ English learning materials can be found. It’s crucial to practice regularly. Setting aside a specific time each day, (15) _______ you can focus solely on English, can lead to significant improvement.

Đáp án:

1. which	2. who	3. whose	4. which	5. that/ which
6. who	7. where	8. which	9. whose	10. why
11. which	12. whom	13. who	14. where	15. when

Task 5. Viết lại câu dùng đại từ quan hệ gợi ý.

1. The city attracts many tourists every year. Its architecture is stunning. (whose)

⮚ ______________________________________________________________.

2. That girl sits next to me in class. She is very friendly. (who)

⮚ ______________________________________________________________.

3. The forest has diverse wildlife. It is protected by the government. (which)

⮚ ______________________________________________________________.

4. The runner won the championship. He trained hard for the tournament. (who)

⮚ ______________________________________________________________.

5. The teacher has been teaching for 20 years. She is retiring this year. (who)

⮚ ______________________________________________________________.

6. I consulted the doctor for my health issues. The doctor suggested I take a vacation. (whom)

⮚ ______________________________________________________________.

7. The concert was held at the stadium. It was a huge success. (which)

⮚ ______________________________________________________________.

8. The leader has a strong vision for the future. The people trust him. (whom)

⮚ ______________________________________________________________.

9. The church has beautiful stained glass windows. It was built in the 16th century. (which)

⮚ ______________________________________________________________.

10. My friend Alice is visiting us next week. She moved to Canada last year. (who)

⮚ ______________________________________________________________.

 

Đáp án:

1. The city, whose architecture is stunning, attracts many tourists every year.

2. That girl, who sits next to me in class, is very friendly.

3. The forest, which is protected by the government, has diverse wildlife.

4. The runner, who trained hard for the tournament, won the championship.

5. The teacher, who has been teaching for 20 years, is retiring this year.

6. The doctor, whom I consulted for my health issues, suggested I take a vacation.

7. The concert, which was held at the stadium, was a huge success.

8. The leader, whom the people trust, has a strong vision for the future.

9. The church, which was built in the 16th century, has beautiful stained glass windows.

10. My friend Alice, who moved to Canada last year, is visiting us next week.

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