Ngữ pháp, bài tập Câu tường thuật chi tiết (có đáp án)

Tài liệu Câu tường thuật lớp 10 hay, có đáp án trình bày khái quát lại ngữ pháp, cấu trúc, cách dùng cũng như bài tập có đáp án chi tiết nhằm mục đích giúp học sinh ôn luyện ngữ pháp và đạt kết quả cao trong các bài thi môn Tiếng Anh lớp 10.

Ngữ pháp, bài tập Câu tường thuật chi tiết (có đáp án)

I- PHÂN BIỆT CÂU TRỰC TIẾP VÀ CÂU GIÁN TIẾP.

Câu trực tiếp	Câu gián tiếp
- Câu trực tiếp là câu nói của ai đó được trích dẫn lại nguyên văn và thường được để trong dấu ngoặc kép (“… ”). Ex: Mary said “ I don’t like ice-cream”. (Cô ấy nói rằng: “Tôi không thích kem”.) Ta thấy trong dấu ngoặc kép là lời nói trực tiếp của Mary và nó được trích dẫn lại một cách nguyên văn.	- Câu gián tiếp là câu tường thuật lại lời nói của người khác theo ý của người tường thuật và ý nghĩa không thay đổi. Ex: Mary said that she didn’t like ice-cream. (Mary nói cô ấy không thích kem.) Ta thấy câu nói của Mary được tường thuật lại theo cách nói của người tường thuật và ý nghĩa thì vẫn giữ nguyên.

II- CÁC CÁCH TƯỜNG THUẬT TỪ CÂU NÓI TRỰC TIẾP SANG CÂU NÓI GIÁN TIẾP.

 Ta cần phân tích cấu trúc của câu trực tiếp và câu gián tiếp qua các ví dụ sau:

- My mother said “Iwantyou to study harder.” (Mẹ tôi nói “Mẹ muốn con học hành chăm chỉ hơn”.)

Ta có:

- Động từ “said” được gọi là “Động từ giới thiệu”

- Động từ “want” là động từ chính trong câu trực tiếp.

- “I” là chủ ngữ trong câu trực tiếp

- “you” là tân ngữ trong câu trực tiếp

=>  My mother said / told me that shewantedme to study harder.

(Mẹ tôi nói bà ấy muốn tôi học hành chăm chỉ hơn)

Ta thấy các thành phần như “động từ giới thiệu”, động từ chính, các đại từ (I/you/…) trong câu trực tiếp khi chuyển sang câu gián tiếp đều phải biến đổi.

1. Các thành phần cần biến đổi trong câu gián tiếp:

a. Các đại từ: Các đại từ nhân xưng và đại sở hữu khi chuyển từ lời nói trực tiếp sang lời nói gián tiếp thay đổi như bảng sau:

Đại từ	Câu trực tiếp	Câu gián tiếp
đại từ nhân xưng	I	he/she
	We	they
	You	they / I / he / her
	Me	him / her
	Us	them
	You	them / me / him / her
Đai từ sở hữu	My	her /his
	Our	their
	Your	them / my / his / her
	Mine	his / hers
	Ours	theirs
	Yours	theirs/ mine/his/her
Đại từ chỉ định	This	That
	These	Those

b. Thì của câu:

Thì của các động từ trong lời nói gián tiếp thay đổi theo một nguyên tắc chung là lùi về quá khứ.

Câu trực tiếp	Câu gián tiếp
Thì hiện tại đơn: S + V(s,es)	Thì quá khứ đơn: S + V(ed)
Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn: S + am/ is/ are + Ving	Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn: S + was/ were + Ving
Thì hiện tại hoàn thành: S + have/ has + PII	Thì quá khứ hoàn thành: S + had + PII
Thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn: S + have/ has + been + Ving	Thì quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn: S + had + been + Ving
Thì quá khứ đơn: S + Ved	Thì quá khứ hoàn thành: S + had + PII
Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn: S + was/ were + Ving	Thì quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn: S + had + been + Ving

c. Động từ khuyết thiếu:

Trực tiếp	Gián tiếp
Can	Could
Will	Would
Shall	Should
Must	Had to
May	Might

c. Các trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn, thời gian:

Trực tiếp	Gián tiếp
Here	There
Now	Then
Today	That day
Ago	Before
Tomorrow	The next day / the following day / the day after
The day after yesterday	Two days after
Next week	The following week
Last week	The previous week / the week before
Last year	The previous year / the year before

III. CÁC LOẠI CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT

Có 3 loại câu tường thuật cơ bản:

1.    Reported statements (Câu tường thuật của câu trần thuật

S +

Say(s) / said + (that) Said to O Told + O

+ S

+ V

Ví dụ:  - He said to me: “I haven’t finished my work.”

            =>  He told me he hadn’t finished his work.  

2.    Reported questions (Câu tường thuật của câu hỏi)
A.    Yes / No questions:

S +

Asked (+O) Wanted to know  Wondered

+ if / whether + S + V

Ví dụ:
“Areyou angry?” he asked.
=> He asked if / whetherIwas angry.

“Didyou see the film?” Tam asked.
=> Tam asked if / whetherIhad seen the film.

*     Lưu ý: Khi tường thuật câu hỏi Có hay Không (Yes - No questions), ta phải chuyển câu hỏi trực tiếp sang dạng khẳng định, rồi thực hiện thay đổi thì, trạng từ chỉ thời gian, trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn, đại từ chỉ định, và chủ ngữ, tân ngữ, đại từ sở hữu cho phù hợp.

B.    Wh-questions:

S +

Asked (+O) Wanted to know Wondered

+ Wh-words + S + V

Ví dụ:  

- They asked us: “Where are you going on holiday?”

=> They asked us where we were going on holiday.

- “What are you talking about?” said the teacher.

=> The teacher asked us what we were talking about.

-   He said to me: “Who are you writing to?”

=> He asked me who I was writing to.

3.    Reported commands (Câu tường thuật của câu cầu khiến)

S   +     told/ asked     +    O    +   (not) to V.

Ví dụ: 

- “Pleasewait for me here, Mary.” Tom said.

=> Tom told Mary to wait for him there.

-   “Don’t talk in class!” the teacher said.

=> The teacher told the children not to talk in class.

IV- BÀI TẬP

Task 1. Điền từ thích hợp vào chỗ trống.

1. Tonya said _______ TV was broken and asked if she could come around to watch the football with us.

2. Your father said that _______ old newspapers in the garage might be collector’s items.

3. Dana told the kids she had no option but to punish _______.

4. Wendy said to thank you for the tomatoes and that _______ were the tastiest ones she’d ever eaten.

5. Before he left, Carsen told his hosts that _______ had been a lovely evening.

6. As soon as he saw the jeans, Bob told us that he had to have _______.

7. The Pattersons said that _______ eldest daughter has just got a job working at the White House.

8. Grandpa said that _______ picture over there was painted by his great-grandfather.

Đáp án:

1. her	2. the/ those	3. them	4. they
5. it	6. them	7. their	8. the/ that

Task 2. Viết lại các câu hỏi tường thuật.

1. ‘Have you had your ear pierced?’

⮚ My mum asked me if ______________________________________________________.

2. ‘Can I meet you there at six o’clock tonight, Doug?’

⮚ Julian wanted to know whether ______________________________________________.

3. ‘Are you still moving to Blackpool next week?’

⮚ Fiona asked Rod and Jenny whether __________________________________________.

4. ‘Does Graham have to wear a suit to work?’

⮚ I asked Mrs Daley if Graham ________________________________________________.

5. ‘Do you want someone to feed your cat while you’re away?’

⮚ Jan asked me if ___________________________________________________________.

6. ‘Can you guess what I’ve given Lindsay for her birthday?’

⮚ Daisy asked Wendy if _____________________________________________________.

7. ‘Do you love me or not, Gloria?’

⮚ Jay asked Gloria whether ___________________________________________________.

8. ‘Will Simon be coming to the party tomorrow night?’

⮚ Adrian wondered whether __________________________________________________.

9. ‘Tell me if you were anywhere near 34 Aylesford Street last night!’

⮚ The police officer demanded to know whether Sykes _____________________________.

Đáp án:

1. I had had my ear pierced.

2. he could meet Doug there at six o’clock that night.

3. they were still moving to Blackpool the following/next week.

4. had to wear a suit to work.

5. I wanted someone to feed my cat while I was away.

6. she could guess what Daisy had given Lindsay for her birthday.

7. she loved him or not.

8. Simon would be coming to the party the following/next night.

9. had been anywhere near 34 Aylesford Street the previous night/ the night before.

Task 3. Viết lại câu ở dạng trực tiếp.

1. Jimmy said that he definitely wasn’t going to the match on Saturday.

⮚ ‘_____________________________________________________’, said Jimmy.

2. Alison told Ben that he’d forgotten to do the washing-up.

⮚ ‘_____________________________________________________, Ben!’ said Alison.

3. Jason admitted that he had been lying when he’d said he had nothing to do with the breakages.

⮚ ‘Actually, I ____________________________________________,’ admitted Jason.

4. Paul told me that Dawn hadn’t been particularly hard-working when she was at university.

⮚ ‘_____________________________________________________,’ said Paul.

5. Sharon shouted that she hadn’t finished yet.

⮚ ‘_____________________________________________________, !’ shouted Sharon.

6. Rudy said he’d meet us all at the café in half an hour.

⮚ ‘_____________________________________________________,’ said Rudy.

7. Belinda’s mum told her that she didn’t have to eat her sprouts if she didn’t want to.

⮚ ‘___________________________________________________, Belinda,’ said her mum.

8. Sebastian announced that he and Tristan were going to set up a website.

⮚ ‘Tristan ______________________________________________,’ announced Sebastian.

9. Karen asked Diana when she had got married.

⮚ ‘_____________________________________________________, Diana?’ asked Karen.

10. Freda asked Bjorn if she could borrow his bike for a couple of hours.

⮚ ‘Bjorn, _______________________________________________, ?’ asked Freda.

Đáp án:

1. I definitely am not going to the match on Saturday

2. You forgot to do the washing-up

3. was lying when I said I had nothing to do with the breakages

4. Dawn wasn’t particularly hard-working when she was at university

5. I haven’t finished yet

6. I’ll meet you all at the café in half an hour

7. You don’t have to eat your sprouts if you don’t want to

8. and I are going to set up a website

9. When did you get married

10. can/could I borrow your bike for a couple of hours

Task 4. Tìm từ thừa trong mỗi dòng.

Getting a mortgage

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Someone told me to a few months ago that getting a mortgage would be easy. How wrong they were! When I first went into the bank, I asked if them how much I could borrow. They refused that to answer even such a simple question, saying that I had to actually find a house before they could tell me whether they would have lend me the money or not. I thought this was ridiculous and so told it a white lie, saying that I had been already found a house. They finally said they would lend me the money, so that was great. Then the problems started. A few weeks later a friend told me that about a wonderful flat that was for sale. He suggested to our buying it together because it was so large and I agreed. When I went back to the bank and said so I was planning to buy a flat with a friend, the bank manager denied doing that he had ever said the bank would give me a mortgage and claimed that he has had looked at my finances and knew I wasn’t earning enough to borrow money. I begged with him to have another look at my records as I knew he was wrong. Finally, he agreed me to reconsider my case and eventually sent me a letter which stated that the bank would was quite happy to give me a mortgage. By then, though, it was said too late as someone else had bought the flat!

Đáp án:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Someone told me to a few months ago that getting a mortgage would be easy. How wrong they were! When I first went into the bank, I asked if them how much I could borrow. They refused that to answer even such a simple question, saying that I had to actually find a house before they could tell me whether they would have lend me the money or not. I thought this was ridiculous and so told it a white lie, saying that I had been already found a house. They finally said they would lend me the money, so that was great. Then the problems started. A few weeks later a friend told me that about a wonderful flat that was for sale. He suggested to our buying it together because it was so large and I agreed. When I went back to the bank and said so I was planning to buy a flat with a friend, the bank manager denied doing that he had ever said the bank would give me a mortgage and claimed that he has had looked at my finances and knew I wasn’t earning enough to borrow money. I begged with him to have another look at my records as I knew he was wrong. Finally, he agreed me to reconsider my case and eventually sent me a letter which stated that the bank would was quite happy to give me a mortgage. By then, though, it was said too late as someone else had bought the flat!

Một số động từ thường dùng khi tường thuật câu mệnh lệnh: tell, ask, order, advise, warn, bEx, command, remind, instruct, ....

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